Text summary for "Revision of Grammar".

En esta presentación podrás revisar los aspectos más importantes del Estilo Indirecto en Inglés.

Revision of grammar.

Reported Speech.

USAGE.

We use Reported Speech to tell someone what somebody else has said before.
- Direct style: Tom said: "We are going to the cinema this afternoon."
- Reported Speech: "Tom said that they were going to the cinema that afternoon."

CHANGES.

When reporting a sentence, we need to introduce some changes. These changes are:
- The verbal tense.
- Time and place expressions.
- Personal pronouns.
  - Example:
    - Tom said: "We are going to visit Ann tomorrow."
    - Reported Speech: Tom said that they were going to visit Ann the following day.

VERBAL TENSES BACKSHIFT
FROM: DIRECT SPEECH	TO: REPORTED SPEECH
PRESENT: Sarah: "We study English." Sarah: "We are studying."	PAST: She said that they studied English. She said that they were studying.
PAST: Sarah: "We studied Chemistry." Sarah: "We were studying."	PAST PERFECT: She said that they had studied Chemistry. She said that they had been studying,
FUTURE: Paul: "We will study French."	CONDITIONAL: Paul said that they would study French.

VERBAL TENSES
DIRECT SPEECH		REPORTED SPEECH
TENSE (Direct Speech)	Examples (Direct Speech)	Examples (Reported Speech)	TENSE (Reported Speech)
PRESENT SIMPLE	"We eat healthy food."	She said that they ate healthy food.	PAST SIMPLE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS	"We are eating healthy food."	She said that they were eating healthy food.	PAST CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE	"We have eaten healthy food."	She said that they had eaten healthy food.	PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS	"We have been eating healthy food."	She said that they had been eating healthy food.	PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PAST SIMPLE	"We ate healthy food."	She said that they had eaten healthy food.	PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
PAST CONTINUOUS	"We were eating healthy food."	She said that they had been eating healthy food.	PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE	"We had eaten healthy food."	She said that they had eaten healthy food.	PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS	"We had been eating healthy food."	She said that they had been eating healthy food.	PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
FUTURE SIMPLE	"We will eat healthy food."	She said that they would eat healthy food.	FUTURE SIMPLE

MODAL VERB CHANGES
DIRECT SPEECH	REPORTED SPEECH
CAN	COULD
MAY	MIGHT
MUST / HAVE TO	MUST / HAD TO
WILL	WOULD

TIME AN EXPRESSIONS ALSO CHANGE
DIRECT SPEECH	REPORTED SPEECH
Now.	Then.
Today.	That day.
Tonight.	That night.
Yesterday.	The previous day / the day before.
Last week.	The previous week / the week before.
A __________ ago.	The previous ______ / the _____ before.
Tomorrow.	The following day / the day after / the next day.
Next ___________	The following ________ / the _______ after.
Here.	There.
This. These.	That. Those.

Reporting Verbs: To introduce a sentence in Reported Speech we usually employ the verbs SAY or TELL. The only difference between "say" and "tell" would be that "tell" is followed by the person to whom someone said something. Example: Peter said: "I'm travelling to London." "Peter told me that he was travelling to London."
Reported questions: When reporting a question, the new sentence goes in the affirmative form with the following structure: Subject + Verb + Object.
- Example:
  - Tom asked: "Are you coming to the party tonight, Jane?"
  - Tom asked Ann if she was coming to the party that night.
There are two types of questions in English:
- YES/NO QUESTIONS:
  IF / WHETHER + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT
  - Peter asked : "Do you play football?"
  - Peter asked me whether (if) I played football.
- -WH ELEMENT QUESTIONS: -WH ELEMENT + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT.
  - Peter asked: "When do you play football?"
  - Peter asked me when I played football.
Common Reporting verbs: Apart from say and tell there are other verbs. These other verbs usually give us some extra information about the sentence. Let's divide "reporting verbs" according to the type of sentence that goes inmediately after...
- Verbs followed by a conditional: IF / WHETHER + sentence:
  - ASK
  - REMEMBER
  - SAY
- Verbs followed by THAT + a sentence:
  - ANSWER
  - BOAST
  - COMPLAIN
  - DENY
  - REPLY
  - SAY
  - SUGGEST
  - TELL
  - WARN
- Verbs followed by THAT + sentence or infinitive:
  - CLAIM (reclamar)
  - PROMISE (prometer)
  - THREATEN (amenazar)
- Verbs followed by THAT + a sentence with SHOULD.
  - ADVISE (aconsejar)
  - BEG (suplicar)
  - DEMAND (demandar)
  - RECOMMEND (recomendar)
  - SUGGEST
- Verbs followed by complement + infinitive.
  - ADVISE
  - ASK
  - BEG
  - INVITE (invitar)
  - ORDER (ordenar)
  - SHOUT (gritar)
  - WARN
- Examples:
  - He claimed that he was going to London.
  - She promised to come back.
  - She suggested that he should go shopping.
  - Paul begged that his parents didn't live him alone.
  - Peter asked me to go to the party with him.
  - My dad ordered me to stay at home all day.

That's all folks!